Detection of antibacterial activity in chicken meat, eggs, drinking water, animal feed and sewage waste in Tabanan, Bali
Main Article Content
Keywords
antibacterial, resistance, livestock
Abstract
Background: The use of antibiotics that are not in accordance with the indications, doses, and duration can trigger resistance and there is concern that it might leave antibiotic residues in the processed product. Aim of this study was to detect the antibacterial activity of livestock products, namely chicken meat and eggs and the surrounding environment such as drinking water, animal feed and waste disposal. This study was a preliminary study before the establishment of antibiotic wise village, One Health approach for antimicrobial stewardship program.
Methods: This study was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design to determine antibacterial activity, particularly tetracycline in livestock products and the environment. The research samples were taken from 5 groups of farmers in one of the villages in Tabanan, Bali. Bioassay method based on the Kirby Bauer method was used in this study.
Results: From a total of 44 samples, 6 samples showed weak antibiotic tetracycline activity (13.6%), namely in waste disposal (20%) and animal feed (40%). Antibiotic contamination was likely to occur because the animal feed used in this group contains antibiotics with or without the knowledge of the farmers themselves. Disposal waste came from livestock manure that ate the feed or from animal feed that was scattered around the cage.
Conclusion: Samples of livestock meat and eggs did not show antibacterial activity. There were samples that have antibiotic activity but weak and inconsistent, namely in samples of waste disposal and animal feed. This condition cannot necessarily be concluded as antibiotic abuse in livestock however it can be the basis for the importance of providing education regarding antimicrobial resistance. Unless there was indication, antibiotics should not be given to livestock on a daily basis.
References
2. Van Boeckel TP, Brower C, Gilbert M, Grenfell BT, Levin SA, Robinson TP, et al. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 May 5;112(18):5649–54.
3. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Medicines Agency (EMA). Third joint inter‐agency report on integrated analysis of consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from humans and food‐producing animals in the EU/EEA. EFSA Journal [Internet]. 2021;19(6).
4. Maron DF, Smith TJS, Nachman KE. Restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animal production: An international regulatory and economic survey. Global Health. 2013 Oct 16;9(1).
5. Widiasih DA, Drastini Y, Yudhabuntara D, R. Daru Maya FL, Sivalingham PL, Susetya H, et al. Detection of Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat and Eggs from Traditional Markets at Yogyakarta City Using Bioassay Method. Acta Vet Indones. 2020;1:1–6.
6. Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. 2016;6:71–9.
7. Pham-Duc P, Cook MA, Cong-Hong H, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of livestock and aquaculture producers regarding antimicrobial use and resistance in Vietnam. PLoS One. 2019;14(9):e0223115.
8. Mutua F, Sharma G, Grace D, Bandyopadhyay S, Shome B, Lindahl J. A review of animal health and drug use practices in India, and their possible link to antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9(1):103.
9. Manyi-Loh C, Mamphweli S, Meyer E, Okoh A. Antibiotic Use in Agriculture and Its Consequential Resistance in Environmental Sources: Potential Public Health Implications. Molecules. 2018;23(4):795.
10. Iwu CD, Korsten L, Okoh AI. The incidence of antibiotic resistance within and beyond the agricultural ecosystem: A concern for public health. Microbiologyopen. 2020;9(9):e1035.
11. Wedari NLPH, Sukrama IDM, Budayanti NNS, Sindhughosa DA, Prabawa IPY, Manuaba IBPA. One Health concept and role of animal reservoir in avian influenza: a literature review. Bali Medical Journal. 2021;10(2):515-520.
12. Lee HC, Chen CM, Wei JT, Chiu HY. Analysis of veterinary drug residue monitoring results for commercial livestock products in Taiwan between 2011 and 2015. J Food Drug Anal. 2018;26(2):565-571.
13. Lee HJ, Kim DW, Kim C, Ryu HD, Chung EG, Kim K. Concentrations and Risk Assessments of Antibiotics in an Urban-Rural Complex Watershed with Intensive Livestock Farming. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(20):10797.
14. Coyne L, Arief R, Benigno C, et al. Characterizing Antimicrobial Use in the Livestock Sector in Three South East Asian Countries (Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam). Antibiotics (Basel). 2019;8(1):33.
15. Hosain MZ, Kabir SML, Kamal MM. Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developing countries. Vet World. 2021;14(1):210-221.