Rickettsia as an agent of neglected Rickettsia infection
Main Article Content
Keywords
Rickettsia, Diagnostic test, Virulence Factors
Abstract
Rickettsia is an obligate parasite of certain arthropods (especially ticks, mites, and ticks) and can cause serious diseases. OmpA dan OmpB is a surface protein that facilitates Rickettsia’s fast attachment and entry into the endothelium. Clinical symptoms are usually characterized by self-limited acute fever in both humans and other animals. Diseases caused by Rickettsia are endemic in almost all around the world, including Indonesia. Rickettsia diseases include epidemic typhus, murine typhus, scrub typhus, and spotted fever. Culture, nucleic acid amplification, and serological tests can be used as diagnostic examinations. The serological test is the gold standard of Rickettsial diagnostic, even though molecular tests have been developed. Diagnostic limitations mean that rickettsiosis is often overlooked as a cause of infection. Rickettsia eradication was carried out by giving tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and rifampin. Vaccines are not yet available so prevention and appropriate use of antibiotics based on the diagnostic examination will determine the success of eradication.
References
2. Brooks Geo, Carroll KC, Butel Janet, Morse Stephen. Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology 26/E. McGraw-Hill Publishing; 2012. 879 p.
3. Voth DE, Broederdorf LJ, Graham JG. Bacterial Type IV secretion systems: versatile virulence machines. Future Microbiol. 2012;7(2):241–57. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22324993
4. Richards AL, Rahardjo E, Soeatmadji DW. Rickettsial Diseases: Risk For Indonesia. Indonesian Bulletin of Health Research. 1995;23(3).
5. Biggs HM, Behravesh CB, Bradley KK, Dahlgren FS, Drexler NA, Dumler JS, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Tickborne Rickettsial Diseases: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Other Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses, Ehrlichioses, and Anaplasmosis — United States. MMWR Recommendations and Reports. 2016;65(2):1–44. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6502a1
6. De Vito A, Geremia N, Mameli SM, Fiore V, Serra PA, Rocchitta G, et al. Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects, Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment of Rickettsial Diseases in the Mediterranean Area During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Literature. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2020;12(1):e2020056–e2020056. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32952967
7. Lokida D, Hadi U, Lau C-Y, Kosasih H, Liang CJ, Rusli M, et al. Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: observational study results. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):364. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32448167
8. Murali R, Kalpana S, Shanmugam K, Dhandapani P. Diagnosis of Rickettsial infection by Multiplex Real-time PCR in Febrile Pediatric Patients Admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital at Chennai, South India. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2024;18(1):317–22. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.18.1.15
9. Abdad MY, Abou Abdallah R, Fournier P-E, Stenos J, Vasoo S. A Concise Review of the Epidemiology and Diagnostics of Rickettsioses: Rickettsia and Orientia spp. J Clin Microbiol. 2018;56(8):e01728-17. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29769278
10. Dieme C, Bechah Y, Socolovschi C, Audoly G, Berenger J-M, Faye O, et al. Transmission potential of Rickettsia felis infection by Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015/06/08. 2015;112(26):8088–93. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26056256
11. Socolovschi C, Pages F, Ndiath MO, Ratmanov P, Raoult D. Rickettsia species in African Anopheles mosquitoes. PLoS One. 2012/10/30. 2012;7(10):e48254–e48254. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23118963
12. Nicholson W, Paddock C. Rickettsial Diseases (Including Spotted Fever & Typhus Fever Rickettsioses, Scrub Typhus, Anaplasmosis, and Ehrlichioses) [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/rickettsial-diseases
13. Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D. Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18(4):719–56. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16223955
14. Raoult D. Editorial Commentary: A New Rickettsial Disease in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2004;38(6):812–3. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/381896
15. Kinoshita H, Arima Y, Shigematsu M, Sunagawa T, Saijo M, Oishi K, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of rickettsial infections in Japan: Scrub typhus and Japanese spotted fever, 2007–2016. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2021;105:560–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.069
16. Walker DH, Ismail N. Emerging and re-emerging rickettsioses: endothelial cell infection and early disease events. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6(5):375–86. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1866
17. Paris DH, Dumler JS. State of the art of diagnosis of rickettsial diseases: the use of blood specimens for diagnosis of scrub typhus, spotted fever group rickettsiosis, and murine typhus. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(5):433–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27429138
18. Sonthayanon P, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Phimda K, Pukrittayakamee S, Day NP, et al. Association of high Orientia tsutsugamushi DNA loads with disease of greater severity in adults with scrub typhus. J Clin Microbiol. 2008/12/17. 2009;47(2):430–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19091812
19. Blacksell SD, Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Nawtaisong P, Kantipong P, Laongnualpanich A, Day NPJ, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of the InBios Scrub Typhus Detect Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay for the Detection of IgM Antibodies in Northern Thailand. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2015;23(2):148–54. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26656118
20. Parola P, Paddock CD, Socolovschi C, Labruna MB, Mediannikov O, Kernif T, et al. Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26(4):657–702. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24092850